WIKA Handbook
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WIKA HandbookPressure & Temperature Measurement U.S. Edition WIKA Instrument Corporation 1000 Wiegand Boulevard Lawrenceville, GA 30043 Toll Free 1-888-WIKA-USA (945-2872) Tel (770) 513-8200 Fax (770) 338-5118 info@wika.com • www.wika.com HB001 - 1000 8/08 ©2008, by WIKA Instrument Corporation. M Part of your business M Part of your business

WIKA-Handbook · Pressure and Temperature Measurement U.S. Edition

Pressure and Temperature Measurement U.S. Edition

WIKA Instrument Corporation 1000 Wiegand Boulevard Lawrenceville, GA 30043-5868 USA A wholly owned subsidiary of: WIKA Alexander Wiegand GmbH & Co. Alexander Wiegand StraBe 63911 Klingenberg Germany Original Authors: Beckerath, Alexander von Eberlein, Anselm Julien, Hermann Kersten, Peter Kreutzer, Jochem Scientific advisers: Prof. Dr. Fritz Aldinger Johannes Durr Editor for U.S. Edition: Cameron Reebals Printing: Corporate Printers, Cumming, GA 2008 ©1998 WIKA Instrument Corporation. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, by...

Foreword For more than fifty years WIKA has been a leading manufacturer of pressure and temperature measurement instruments. Today, the name WIKA stands for a broad product range of industrial pressure and temperature measurement instrumentation. The more than 300 million measuring instruments made by WIKA so far not only prove the quality of our products, but have also enabled us to gain an extensive knowledge of practical applications requiring the measurement of pressure and temperature. The present new edition of the WIKA handbook is intended to provide a reference book for our...

Introduction Industrial development now faces challenges and opportunities of unprecedented magnitude and diversity. Economical manufacturing processes for existing or new products, new technology trends, the internationalization of markets and conditions of competition, new research developments and questions of safety for man and his environment call for innovative and visionary solutions. In many cases the optimum utilization of energy and raw materials, the reproducibility of product quality and the operational reliability of plants and equipment depend essentially on being able to...

1.2.3 Pressure difference, differential pressure 3 1.2.4 Atmospheric pressure difference, overpressure 4 1.3.1 Direct pressure measuring instruments 5 1.3.1.1 Pressure measuring instruments with liquid column 5 • Multiple liquid manometer 7 1.3.1.2 Pressure balances with liquid separation 7 1.3.1.3 Piston-type pressure measuring instruments 9 • Piston-type pressure measuring instruments with spring-loaded piston 9 • Dead-weight pressure measuring instruments 9 1.3.2 Indirect pressure measurement instruments 11 1.3.2.1 Pressure measuring...

• Modular design of commercial pressure measuring instruments 55 • Modular design for industrial measuring instruments 56 • Forged cases for liquid filling 57 1.4.4.3 Vibration damping by liquid filling 58 • Resonant frequencies and amplitudes 58 • Investigation of various instrument types 60 1.4.4.4 Safety of pressure measuring instruments 63 1.4.6 Special flexible element pressure measuring instruments 72 1.4.6.1 Pressure measuring instruments for absolute and differential pressure 72 • Differential pressure measuring instrument with diaphragm 73...

1.5 Pressure transducers, pressure measuring converters and pressure transmitters with analog and digital circuits 1.5.1 Definition of a pressure transducer 1.5.1.1 Pressure transducers and their specifications 1.5.1.3 Technical data and their definition • Measuring range / measuring span • Overload pressure range • Burst pressure • Power supply • Output signal (analog, digital) • Response time • Accuracy and conformity error • Hysteresis • Temperature ranges • Compensated temperature range • Types of electrical connection 1.5.1.5 Differential pressure transmitter 1.6.2...

1.7.2.6 Chemical seals / Protective buffers 110 2.1.2 Historical development of the temperature scales 121 2.2.1 The thermodynamic temperature scale 123 2.2.3 The International Temperature Scale (ITS-90) 125 2.2.4 Measuring principles and sensors for temperature measurement 129 2.2.4.1 Measuring principles on the basis of thermal expansion of substances 129 • Metal resistance thermometers 131 • Radiation thermometers (pyrometers) 139 2.2.4.3 Additional temperature measuring techniques 140 • Optical measuring methods 140 • Crystal oscillator...

• Static loading by the hydrostatic pressure 151 • Dynamic loading of a thermowell exposed to flow 152 • Resistance in oxidizing atmosphere 155 • Resistance in cases of oxygen deficiency and in reducing atmosphere 155 • Resistance in aqueous media 155 2.3.2.4 Commonly used materials for thermowell 156 • Standardized connection heads 161 2.3.3 Temperature measurement in solid bodies and on surfaces 162 2.3.3.1 Thermometer installation in solid bodies 162 2.4.1 Heat transfer from the process to the thermometer 164 2.4.1.2 Heat transfer resistance...

2.7.1.1 Construction of a platinum resistance thermometer 208 • Ceramic measuring resistors 210 • Glass measuring resistors 210 • Film measuring resistors 211 • Industrial resistance thermometers with measuring elements 213 • Application-rated resistance thermometers 214 2.7.1.5 Measuring uncertainties of platinum resistance thermometers 217 • Effect of the insulation resistance 217 2.7.1.6 Standardization of industrial platinum resistance thermometers 218 2.7.2.4 Extension cables and compensating cables 221 • Technical thermocouples with measuring...